Chapter 7: Maneuvering
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
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首页
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[
军争篇
](#junzheng)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
军争篇
](#junzheng)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·军争篇》 孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。
故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分和为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。
《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为之金鼓；视不相见，故为之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也。人既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多金鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。
三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之阵，此治变者也。
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师遗阙，穷寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
白话译文： 孙子说：用兵的原则，将领接受君命，从召集军队，安营扎寨，到开赴战场与敌对峙，没有比率先争得制胜的条件更难的事了。“军争”中最困难的地方就在于以迂回进军的方式实现更快到达预定战场的目的，把看似不利的条件变为有利的条件。所以，由于我迂回前进，又对敌诱之以利，使敌不知我意欲何去，因而出发虽后，却能先于敌人到达战地。能这么做，就是知道迂直之计的人。“军争”为了有利，但“军争”也有危险。带着全部辎重去争利，就会影响行军速度，不能先敌到达战地；丢下辎重轻装去争利，装备辎重就会损失。卷甲急进，白天黑夜不休息地急行军，奔跑百里去争利，则三军的将领有可能会被俘获。健壮的士兵能够先到战场，疲惫的士兵必然落后，只有十分之一的人马如期到达；强行军五十里去争利，先头部队的主将必然受挫，而军士一般仅有一半如期到达；强行军三十里去争利，一般只有三分之二的人马如期到达。这样，部队没有辎重就不能生存，没有粮食供应就不能生存，没有战备物资储备就无以生存。
所以不了解诸侯各国的图谋，就不要和他们结成联盟；不知道山林、险阻和沼泽的地形分布，不能行军；不使用向导，就不能掌握和利用有利的地形。所以，用兵是凭借施诡诈出奇兵而获胜的，根据是否有利于获胜决定行动，根据双方情势或分兵或集中为主要变化。按照战场形势的需要，部队行动迅速时，如狂风飞旋；行进从容时，如森林徐徐展开；攻城掠地时，如烈火迅猛；驻守防御时，如大山岿然；军情隐蔽时，如乌云蔽日；大军出动时，如雷霆万钧。夺取敌方的财物，掳掠百姓，应分兵行动。扩张领土，分配掠夺来的资源和俘虏，都要衡量利害得失，然后决定行动。率先知道“迂直之计”的将获胜，这就是军争的原则。
《军政》说：“在战场上用语言来指挥，听不清或听不见，所以设置了金鼓；用动作来指挥，看不清或看不见，所以用旌旗。金鼓、旌旗，是用来统一士兵的视听，统一作战行动的。既然士兵都服从统一指挥，那么勇敢的将士不会单独前进，胆怯的也不会独自退却。这就是指挥大军作战的方法。所以，夜间作战，要多处点火，频频击鼓；白天打仗要多处设置旌旗。这些是用来扰乱敌方的视听的。
对于敌方三军，可以挫伤其锐气，可使丧失其士气，对于敌方的将帅，可以动摇他的决心，可使其丧失斗志。所以，敌人早朝初至，其气必盛；陈兵至中午，则人力困倦而气亦怠惰；待至日暮，人心思归，其气益衰。善于用兵的人，敌之气锐则避之，趁其士气衰竭时才发起猛攻。这就是正确运用士气的原则。用治理严整的我军来对付军政混乱的敌军，用我镇定平稳的军心来对付军心躁动的敌人。这是掌握并运用军心的方法。以我就近进入战场而待长途奔袭之敌；以我从容稳定对仓促疲劳之敌；以我饱食之师对饥饿之敌。这是懂得并利用治己之力以困敌人之力。不要去迎击旗帜整齐、部伍统一的军队，不要去攻击阵容整肃、士气饱满的军队，这是懂得战场上的随机应变。
所以，用兵的原则是：对占据高地、背倚丘陵之敌，不要作正面仰攻；对于假装败逃之敌，不要跟踪追击；敌人的精锐部队不要强攻；敌人的诱饵之兵，不要贪食；对正在向本土撤退的部队不要去阻截；对被包围的敌军，要预留缺口；对于陷入绝境的敌人，不要过分逼迫，这些都是用兵的基本原则。
英语译文： #### Chapter 7: Maneuvering Sun Tzu said:
The principle of warfare is that the general receives commands from the ruler, gathers the army, establishes camps, and advances to confront the enemy. Among all these, nothing is more difficult than securing the conditions for victory in advance. The greatest difficulty in maneuvering for advantage lies in turning a circuitous route into the most direct one, and transforming disadvantage into advantage. Thus, by taking a roundabout route and luring the enemy with apparent gains, one can set out later yet arrive at the battlefield before the enemy. To achieve this is to understand the art of maneuvering.
Maneuvering is undertaken for advantage, yet it also involves danger. If one moves with all baggage and supplies, the march will be slow and the enemy cannot be outpaced; if one abandons supplies and moves lightly, the equipment will be lost. If armor is rolled up and troops march rapidly day and night without rest, rushing a hundred li for advantage, the commanders of the three armies may be captured. The strongest troops may arrive first, while the exhausted will fall behind, and only one-tenth of the force will reach the destination on time. If one forces a march of fifty li for advantage, the leading commander will likely suffer defeat, and only half the troops will arrive as scheduled. If one forces a march of thirty li, only two-thirds of the troops will arrive. Thus, an army without supplies cannot survive; without provisions, it cannot endure; without reserves of war materials, it cannot continue.
Therefore, if one does not understand the intentions of neighboring states, one should not form alliances with them. If one does not know the terrain of mountains, forests, dangerous passes, and marshes, one cannot conduct military operations. Without the use of guides, one cannot take advantage of favorable terrain. Thus, warfare is based on deception and surprise; actions are determined by what is advantageous; forces are divided or concentrated according to changing circumstances.
When speed is required, move like the wind; when advancing steadily, be like a forest; when attacking and seizing, be like fire; when defending, be like a mountain; when concealed, be like dark clouds; when striking, be like a thunderbolt. When capturing enemy resources or seizing people, divide your forces accordingly. When expanding territory, or distributing captured goods and prisoners, weigh the advantages and disadvantages before acting. Whoever first understands the strategy of indirect and direct movement will be victorious—this is the principle of maneuvering.
The “Military Methods” states: commands given by voice cannot be heard clearly on the battlefield, so gongs and drums are used; commands given by sight cannot be seen clearly, so banners and flags are used. Gongs, drums, banners, and flags are used to unify the soldiers’ senses and coordinate their actions. When all troops are under unified command, the brave will not advance alone, nor will the timid retreat alone. This is the method of directing large armies.
Thus, in night battles, use many fires and drums; in daytime battles, use many banners and flags. These are used to confuse the enemy’s senses.
One can undermine the enemy’s morale and weaken their fighting spirit; one can shake the enemy commander’s resolve and destroy his will to fight. At the beginning of the day, the enemy’s spirit is high; by midday, it becomes weary; by evening, thoughts turn toward home and morale declines further. Therefore, those skilled in warfare avoid the enemy when its spirit is strong, and strike when it is exhausted—this is the proper use of morale.
Use a well-ordered army to face a disorganized one; use calmness and stability to face agitation and disorder—this is mastery of psychological control. Position your forces near the battlefield while the enemy travels long distances; remain rested while the enemy is fatigued; keep your troops well-fed while the enemy is hungry—this is understanding how to strengthen oneself and weaken the enemy.
Do not attack an enemy whose banners are orderly and whose ranks are well-formed; do not engage an army whose formation is disciplined and whose morale is high. This is understanding adaptability in battle.
Therefore, the principles of warfare are: do not attack an enemy positioned on high ground or one that is backed by hills; do not pursue an enemy that feigns retreat; do not engage elite troops directly; do not fall for bait offered by the enemy; do not block an army returning home; when surrounding an enemy, leave an outlet; do not press a desperate enemy too hard. These are the fundamental principles of warfare.
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