第10篇：地形篇
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
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[
地形篇
](#dixing)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
地形篇
](#dixing)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·地形篇》 孙子曰：地形有通者，有挂者，有支者，有隘者，有险者，有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通；通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂；挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之；敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支；支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也；引而去之，令敌半出而击之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌；若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均，难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。
故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有乱者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰弛，吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险厄远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯人是保，而利合于主，国之宝也。
视卒如婴儿，故可与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃不穷。
白话译文： 孙子说：地形有通、挂、支、隘、险、远等六类。我们可以去，敌人可以来的地域叫做通；在通形地域，应抢先占据地势高而向阳的地方，并保持粮道畅通，这样与敌交战就有利。可以前进，不易返回的地域叫做挂；在挂形地域，敌军如无防备，就要突然出击战胜它；如果敌有防备，我出击不能取胜，就难以返回，于我不利。凡是我出击不利，敌出击也不利的地方，叫做支；在支形地区，敌人虽然以利诱我，也不要出击；最好是带领部队假装离去，诱使敌军前出一半时，我突然发起攻击，这样有利。在隘形地，我若先敌占据，就要用重兵堵塞隘口，等待敌人来攻；如果敌军已先我占据隘口，并以重兵据守，那就不要进击，若敌人没有用重兵据守隘口，就迅速攻取它。在险形地区，如我先敌占领，要占据地势高而向阳的地方侍击敌人；如果敌人已先占领，那就主动撤退，不要进攻它。在远形地区，双方势均力敌，不宜挑战，勉强求战，于我不利。以上六点，是关于利用地形的原则；这是将帅的重要责任，是不可不认真考虑研究的。
军队失败的情况有走、弛、陷、崩、乱、北等六种。这六种情况，都不是由于天灾造成的，而是由于将帅的过失所致。在敌我条件相当的情况下，如果攻击十倍于我的敌人，因而失败的，叫做走。土卒强悍，将吏懦弱，因而失败的，叫做弛。将吏本领高强，士卒怯弱，因而失败的，叫做陷。部将怨怒而不服从指挥，遇到敌人忿然擅自出战，主将又不了解他的能力而加以控制，因而失败的，叫做崩。主将软弱而又缺乏威严，训练教育不明，吏卒无所遵循，布阵杂乱无章，因而失败的，叫做乱。主将不能正确判断敌情，以少击多，以弱击强，又没有精锐部队为骨干，因而失败的，叫做北。以上六种情况，必然导致军队的失败；这是将帅的重大责任，是不可不认真考虑研究的。
地形是用兵的辅助条件。正确判明敌情，制定取胜计划，研究地形的险易，计算道路的远近，这些都是将帅的职责。懂得这些道理去指导作战的，就必然胜利，不懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，就必然失败。
所以，如果根据战场实情确有必胜把握，即使国君命令不要打，也可以坚决地打；如果根据战场实情不能取胜，即使国君命令打，也可以不打。作为一个将帅，应该进不贪求战胜的功名，退不回避罪责，只求国家和军队得以保全，符合于国君的根本利益，这样的将帅才算是国家最宝贵的人材。
将帅对士卒能像对待婴儿一样体贴，士卒就可以跟随将帅赴汤蹈火；将帅对士卒能像对待自己的“爱子”一样，士卒就可以与将帅同生共死。但是，对士卒如果过分厚养而不能使用，一味溺爱而不能驱使，违犯了纪律也不能严肃处理，这样的军队，就好比“骄子”一样，也是不能用来打仗的。
只了解我军能打，而不了解敌军不可以打，取胜的可能性只有一半；只了解敌军可以打，而不了解我军不能打，取胜的可能性也只有一半；了解敌军可以打，也了解我军能打，而不了解地形条件不可以打，取胜的把握仍然只有一半。所以，真正懂得用兵的将帅，他行动起来，目的明确而不迷误，他所采取的措施变化无穷而不呆板。所以说：了解敌方，了解我方，就能必胜不败；了解天时，了解地利，胜利就不可穷尽了。
英语译文： #### Chapter 10: Terrain Sun Tzu said:
Terrain may be classified into six types: accessible, entangling, temporizing, narrow, steep, and distant.
Ground that both we and the enemy can freely traverse is called accessible terrain. On such ground, one should seize the high and sunny positions first and keep supply lines open—this makes engagement advantageous.
Ground that can be entered but is difficult to withdraw from is called entangling terrain. On such ground, if the enemy is unprepared, strike suddenly and defeat them; if the enemy is prepared and you attack without success, it will be difficult to retreat, putting you at a disadvantage.
Ground where it is disadvantageous for both sides to attack is called temporizing terrain. In such areas, even if the enemy offers bait, do not advance. Instead, feign withdrawal and strike when the enemy has advanced halfway—this is advantageous.
On narrow terrain, if you occupy it first, block the passes with strong forces and wait for the enemy. If the enemy has already occupied it with strong defenses, do not attack; if their defenses are weak, seize it quickly.
On steep terrain, if you reach it first, occupy the high and sunny positions and wait for the enemy. If the enemy has already taken it, withdraw and do not attack.
On distant terrain, where both sides are evenly matched and far apart, it is unwise to provoke battle; forcing engagement will be disadvantageous.
These six principles concern the use of terrain. They are the commander’s responsibility and must be carefully studied.
There are also six types of defeat: rout, slackness, collapse, disintegration, disorder, and total defeat. These are not caused by natural disasters, but by the faults of the commander.
If forces are equal but one attacks an enemy ten times stronger and is defeated, this is called rout. If soldiers are strong but officers are weak, this leads to slackness. If officers are strong but soldiers are weak, this leads to collapse. If subordinate commanders act in anger, disobey orders, and engage the enemy recklessly without the general’s control, this leads to disintegration. If the general is weak and lacks authority, discipline is unclear, and formations are chaotic, this leads to disorder. If the general misjudges the enemy, uses a small force against a large one or weak troops against strong ones without elite support, this leads to total defeat.
These six conditions inevitably lead to defeat and are the commander’s responsibility. They must be carefully examined.
Terrain is an aid to warfare. Correctly assessing the enemy, devising plans for victory, understanding the advantages and dangers of terrain, and calculating distances—these are the commander’s duties. One who understands these will surely win; one who does not will surely lose.
Therefore, if battlefield conditions indicate certain victory, one may fight even against the ruler’s command not to do so; if conditions indicate no chance of victory, one may refrain from fighting even if ordered to attack.
A true commander does not seek glory in advancing, nor avoids blame in retreat; he seeks only to preserve the state and the army, in accordance with the ruler’s fundamental interests. Such a commander is a nation’s most valuable asset.
If a commander cares for his soldiers as infants, they will follow him into the deepest dangers; if he treats them as beloved sons, they will stand with him unto death. However, if he indulges them too much without discipline, loves them without enforcing orders, and fails to punish violations, such an army becomes like spoiled children and cannot be used in battle.
If one knows only that one’s own army can fight, but not that the enemy cannot, the chance of victory is only half. If one knows that the enemy can be attacked but not that one’s own army cannot fight, the chance of victory is also only half. If one knows both that the enemy can be attacked and that one’s own army can fight, but does not understand that the terrain is unsuitable, the chance of victory is still only half.
Therefore, the truly skilled commander acts with clear purpose and without confusion; his methods are adaptable and never rigid. Thus it is said: if you know the enemy and know yourself, you will be victorious without danger; if you understand both the conditions of heaven (timing) and earth (terrain), your victories will be limitless.
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