Chapter 1: Laying Plans
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
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[
始计篇
](#shiji)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
孙子兵法
Sun Tzu’s
THE ART OF WAR
[
首页
](/)
[
始计篇
](#shiji)
目录 1 [
始计篇
](/chapter-1-laying-plans/)
2 [
作战篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)
3 [
谋攻篇
](/chapter-3-attack-by-stratagem/)
4 [
军形篇
](/chapter-4-tactical-dispositions/)
5 [
兵势篇
](/chapter-5-energy/)
6 [
虚实篇
](/chapter-6-weak-points-and-strong/)
7 [
军争篇
](/chapter-7-maneuvering/)
8 [
九变篇
](/chapter-8-variation-in-tactics/)
9 [
行军篇
](/chapter-9-the-army-on-the-march/)
10 [
地形篇
](/chapter-10-terrain/)
11 [
九地篇
](/chapter-11-the-nine-situations/)
12 [
火攻篇
](/chapter-12-the-attack-by-fire/)
13 [
用间篇
](/chapter-13-the-use-of-spies/)
《孙子兵法·始计篇》 孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。
故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。
计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。
夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。
白话译文： 孙子说：军事，是国家的大事。地形的死生之势（死地、生地），战场上的存亡胜败，不可不加以了解。
所以凭下述五项衡量，通过计算，加以核实，弄清情况：一是道义，二是天时，三是地利，四是将领，五是法规。道义，是指使人民与国君同心同德，可以和国君一起死，一起生，而绝不违背；天时，是指阴阳向背、天气冷暖和四时变换；地利，是指地形的远近、险夷、宽容、死生；将领，是指指挥者的智慧、诚信、仁慈、勇敢、严明；法规，是指队形编制、官吏委派、财务管理。凡此五项，身为将领，不可不加过问，知道的就能胜利，不知道的就不能胜利。所以通过计算，加以核实，弄清情况，就要问：国君哪一方有道义？将领哪一方有才能？天时地利哪一方能掌握？法规号令哪一方能执行？军队哪一方更强大？士兵哪一方更精锐？赏罚哪一方更严明？我凭这些就能判断胜负。如果【受计者】服从我的计谋，使用必将获胜，就留用他；如果【受计者】不服从我的计谋，使用必将失败，就撤掉他。
计谋有利并得到执行，才去制造“势”，用来辅助出兵国外后的行动。“势”，就是利用优势，制造机变。军事，是诡诈之道。所以能反而示以不能，用反而示以不用，近反而示以远，远反而示以近。敌贪利就诱惑它，敌混乱就袭击它，敌充实就防备它，敌强大就躲避它，敌恼怒就骚扰它，敌卑怯就使之骄傲，敌安逸就使之劳累，敌亲密就使之离心。进攻其毫无防备之处，出击其意想不到之地。这就是兵家得胜的诀窍，不可能事先传授。
凡是没有出兵交战就在“庙算”上先已获胜，是由于得到的“算”较多；没有出兵交战就在“庙算”上先已失败，是由于得到的“算”较少。得到“算”多的胜过得到“算”少的，更何况是那没有得到“算”的呢！我凭这些去看，胜负之分就一明二白了。
英语译文： #### Chapter 1: Laying Plans Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
Therefore, appraise it in terms of the five fundamental factors and make comparisons through calculations to ascertain the situation. These five factors are: the Moral Law, Heaven, Earth, the Commander, and Method and Discipline. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undaunted by any danger. Heaven signifies yin and yang, night and day, cold and heat, and the changing of the seasons. Earth comprises distances, whether the ground is difficult or easy, whether it is open or narrow, and the chances of life or death. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage, and strictness. Method and Discipline are to be understood as the organization of the army, the system of command, and the control of logistics. These five factors should be familiar to every commander. Those who master them win; those who do not are defeated. Hence, when making comparisons through calculations to ascertain the situation, inquire: Which ruler possesses the Moral Law? Which commander has greater ability? Which side has the advantages of Heaven and Earth? Whose laws and orders are better enforced? Whose army is stronger? Whose soldiers are better trained? Whose system of rewards and punishments is clearer? By these means I can determine which side will prevail. If the one receiving my counsel follows my plans, he will surely win—such a one should be retained. If he refuses to follow my plans, he will surely be defeated—such a one should be dismissed.
Once favorable plans have been established, create a strategic configuration to support them, taking into account the external circumstances. “Strategic configuration” refers to seizing advantageous positions and adapting to changing situations. The art of war is the art of deception. Therefore, when capable, appear incapable; when ready, appear unready; when near, appear far; when far, appear near. If the enemy is greedy for gain, lure them; if they are in disarray, attack them; if they are well-prepared, be wary of them; if they are strong, evade them; if they are angry, provoke them; if they are cautious, make them arrogant; if they are at ease, wear them down; if they are united, sow division among them. Attack where they are unprepared; strike where they least expect it. These are the strategies by which a military strategist achieves victory—they cannot be taught in advance.
Now, when military assessments are made in the temple before hostilities begin, victory is foreseen if the calculations indicate superiority; defeat is foreseen if the calculations indicate inferiority. With many favorable calculations, one wins; with few favorable calculations, one loses. How much more so when there are none at all! By examining the situation through these means, I can clearly foresee victory or defeat.
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孙子兵法目录
](/the-art-of-war/)
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下一篇
](/chapter-2-waging-war/)